Pharmacogenomic testing can identify how genetic variations affect drug responses, and help guide treatment strategies for patients suffering from chronic pain.

Stress and anxiety are critical elements of the human pain response, and these can be quantified not only with functional imaging but simply by measuring sympathetic response.

Headache treatment depends on several factors: making an accurate diagnosis, ruling out alternative etiologies and addressing the headache’s impact, with the ultimate goal of headache relief.

One of the most difficult “dread to treat” populations is patients with substance use disorders.

Providers must balance risks of under-treatment, abuse and overdose.

The FDA issued a warning that prescription oral viscous lidocaine 2% solution should not be used to treat infants and children with teething pain.

Increased incidence noted in young women, Hispanics, and those married or living as married.

Limited evidence suggesting reduced symptoms after weight-loss surgery; warrants further study